Prognostic Index Calculation And Stratification Into 4 Treatment Outcome Groups
RRD was calculated for each patient using the following equation: h/h0 = exp . Because the PI was expressed as h/h0, where h/h0 was the RRD for a given patient, and using X1, X2, X6 to represent the clinical variables , the equation can be rewritten as follows:
All variables were introduced as dichotomous variables . The median PI value was 0.221 higher PI values indicated a worse prognosis. Using the PI values, we could stratify our study population into 4 groups with significantly different survival times :Low-risk group, PI < 0.5 Moderate-risk group, PI 0.50 High-risk group, P I 00.5] and Extremely high-risk group, PI > 0.5 .
Survival among 159 patients with pancreatic cancer liver metastases according to prognostic indexes .
How Can I Prevent Pancreatic Cancer
We dont know what actually causes pancreatic cancer, so its difficult to know how to prevent it. However, you can change your day-to-day behaviors to become healthier. These tips may help reduce the risk of getting pancreatic cancer:
- Dont smoke. If you do smoke or use tobacco in any form, try to quit.
- Try to reach and maintain a normal weight by eating healthy and exercising.
- Drink alcohol in moderation, or quit drinking altogether.
- Try to avoid getting diabetes. If you have it, control your blood sugar levels.
- Use safety equipment if your work exposes you to toxins.
What Is A 5
A relative survival rate compares people with the same type and stage of pancreatic cancer to people in the overall population. For example, if the 5-year relative survival rate for a specific stage of pancreatic cancer is 50%, it means that people who have that cancer are, on average, about 50% as likely as people who dont have that cancer to live for at least 5 years after being diagnosed.
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Survival Rates For Pancreatic Cancer
Survival rates can give you an idea of what percentage of people with the same type and stage of cancer are still alive a certain amount of time after they were diagnosed. They cant tell you how long you will live, but they may help give you a better understanding of how likely it is that your treatment will be successful.
Keep in mind that survival rates are estimates and are often based on previous outcomes of large numbers of people who had a specific cancer, but they cant predict what will happen in any particular persons case. These statistics can be confusing and may lead you to have more questions. Your doctor is familiar with your situation ask how these numbers may apply to you.
What Are The Types Of Pancreatic Cancer
There are two types of tumors that grow in the pancreas: exocrine or neuroendocrine tumors. About 93% of all pancreatic tumors are exocrine tumors, and the most common kind of pancreatic cancer is called adenocarcinoma. Pancreatic adenocarcinoma is what people usually mean when they say they have pancreatic cancer. The most common type begins in the ducts of the pancreas and is called ductal adenocarcinoma.
The rest of the pancreatic tumors about 7% of the total are neuroendocrine tumors , also called pancreatic NETs , an islet cell tumor or islet cell carcinoma. Some NETs produce excessive hormones. They may be called names based on the type of hormone the cell makes for instance, insulinoma would be a tumor in a cell that makes insulin.
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Survival Analysis And Comparison Of Different Operation Procedures In Phc Subgroup Underwent Radical Pancreatoduodenectomy
Survival analysis was performed on 244 underwent radical pancreatoduodenectomy. The overall 1-, 3-, and 5-year survival rates of patients underwent total mesopancreas excision with pancreaticoduodenectomy were 61.5%, 26.3%, and 15.5%, respectively, and the mOS was 17.5 months . The overall 1-, 3-, and 5-year survival rates of patients underwent pancreaticoduodenectomy were 46.2%, 18.6%, and 11.2%, respectively, and the mOS was 11.5 months . The difference was no statistically significant .
What Is The Life Expectancy For Stage 4 Pancreatic Cancer
Life expectancy for pancreatic cancer is often expressed as a 5-year survival rate, which is the number of people who will be alive 5 years after diagnosis. Life expectancy for stage 4 pancreatic cancer is very low, estimated at around three to five months.
What is the link between pancreatic and liver cancer?
Because the liver is the filtration system for the rest of the body, pancreatic cancer is more likely to be the primary cancer and liver cancer secondary. This link between pancreatic and liver cancer is directly related to the spread of diseased cells from the pancreas to the liver.
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Signs That Pancreatic Cancer Has Spread
If your pancreatic cancer has spread, you may notice new symptoms. Most often, pancreatic cancer spreads to the liver, but it can also move into the lymph nodes, abdomen, lungs and, sometimes, the bones.
Advanced pancreatic cancer symptoms may include:
- Weight loss
- General feeling of being unwell
- Jaundice
- Swollen stomach caused by fluid buildup
- Lack of appetite
If you experience any of these symptoms, check with your doctor to determine a cause. Also, keep in mind that these symptoms may be due to other conditions.
What Are The Symptoms Of Pancreatic Cancer
Most people dont experience early signs of pancreatic cancer. As the disease progresses, however, people may notice:
- Upper abdominal pain that may spread to the back.
- Yellowing of the skin and the whites of the eyes .
- New or worsening diabetes.
- Nausea and vomiting
Your healthcare provider might suspect pancreatic cancer if you have some symptoms and youve recently developed diabetes or pancreatitis a painful condition due to the inflammation of pancreas.
Symptoms of pancreatic neuroendocrine cancer may be different than the traditional pancreatic cancer symptoms, such as jaundice or weight loss. This is because some PNETs overproduce hormones.
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Is Stage 4 Cancer Terminal
Terminal cancer cannot be cured or treated. A person with terminal cancer is actively dying and will usually not live for more than a few months.
Stage 4 pancreatic cancer is not always called terminal. While the cancer is at an advance or late stage, some people do live longer than a few months with it.
How Long Do You Have To Live With Stage 4 Pancreatic Cancer
Life expectancy for pancreatic cancer is often expressed in 5-year survival rates, that is, how many people will be alive 5 years after diagnosis.
Pancreatic cancer 5-year survival rates chart
| Pancreatic cancer stage | |
| Localized | 37% |
| Regional | 12% |
| Distant | 3% |
The life expectancy for stage 4 pancreatic cancer is very low, estimated to be about three to five months. By stage 4, pancreatic cancer has spread to and damaged surrounding organs, which makes it difficult to treat.
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Stage 4 Pancreatic Cancer Life Expectancy
Pancreatic cancer is known as a type of cancer that originates within the pancreas. Much like other forms of cancer, pancreatic cancer progresses into several different stages, which often indicate the progression of the severity of the disease. In most cases, pancreatic cancer that has progressed past a certain stage becomes fatal.
Patrick Swayze Opens Up About Pancreatic Cancer
Actor Says He’s ‘Going Through Hell,’ Took Experimental Medication
Swayze, who starred in the films Dirty Dancing and Ghost and is filming a new TV show called The Beast, talks about his pancreatic cancer in an exclusive interview with ABC. Swayze tells Barbara Walters that he has stage IV pancreatic cancer that had already spread to his liver when it was diagnosed in .
“I’m going through hell, and I’ve only seen the beginning of it,” Swayze says in interview excerpts posted by ABC.
Swayze, 56, also says that surviving five years is “wishful thinking,” but that living two more years “seems likely, if you’re going to believe the statistics.” And he defines “winning” as “not giving up.”
Swayze didn’t have surgery for his pancreatic cancer because the cancer had already spread when it was diagnosed. His treatment included aggressive chemotherapy and an experimental drug called vatalanib.
Here are answers to questions about Swayze’s pancreatic cancer.
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Prognosis Depends On Stage At Diagnosis
Long-term prognosis for pancreatic cancer depends on the size and type of the tumor, lymph node involvement and degree of metastasis at the time of diagnosis. The earlier pancreatic cancer is diagnosed and treated, the better the prognosis.
Unfortunately, pancreatic cancer usually shows little or no symptoms until it has advanced and spread. Therefore, most cases are diagnosed at later, more difficult-to-treat stages.
Read more about pancreatic cancer staging.
Liver Metastases: Symptoms Diagnosis And Outlook
Liver metastases are cancerous tumors that have spread to the liver from another part of the body where the cancer originated. Some healthcare professionals may call liver metastases secondary liver cancer.
The cancer cells that develop in liver metastases are not cells from the liver. They are cells from the part of the body where the cancer first developed.
Since the cancerous tumors have spread to the liver from another part of the body, a doctor may refer to liver metastases as stage 4, or advanced cancer.
Primary liver cancer is less common than liver metastases. Typically, people with primary liver cancer have risk factors such as cirrhosis or hepatitis.
may not present any noticeable symptoms. However, as the tumor in the liver advances, the liver may swell.
The swelling can cause an obstruction to blood and bile flow. When this occurs, a person may experience symptoms such as:
- weight loss
- jaundice, or yellowing of the skin and eyes
- nausea and vomiting
- pain in the right shoulder
- pain in the upper right side of the abdomen
- confusion
- fatigue
- sweating
A person with cancer in another area of the body who notices new symptoms should let a healthcare professional know as soon as possible.
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Physical Status After Treatment
Getting the right nutrition and keeping physically active as much as possible under the circumstances can really impact how a patient tolerates the side effects of treatment and the symptoms of pancreatic cancer.
Younger patients tend to do better because they have fewer other conditions that may limit recovery, but even older patients can positively impact their prognosis by focusing on nutrition and exercise.
Talk to your doctor about what to expect after treatment and what you can do to get the best possible prognosis.
The Frequency Distribution Of Primary Lesions Of Metastatic Liver Cancer
Regardless of gender, the most common primary site of hepatic metastatic carcinoma was lung and brunchu that accounted for 15.18% of all primary lesions, followed by sigmoid colon , pancreas , breast , cecum and rectum . The result of Pearsons chi-square test showed that the primary sites of hepatic metastatic carcinoma were significantly different between males and females including anus, anal canal and anorectum , ascending colon , breast , cervix uteri , corpus colon , descending colon , esophagus , gallbladder , hepatic flexure , kidney and renal pelvis , larynx , liver , lung and bronchus , nasopharynx , other female genital organs , ovary , pancreas , peritoneum, omentum and mesentery , prostate , rectosigmoid junction , rectum , sigmoid colon , splenic flexure , stomach , testis , urinary bladder and vulva . . In females, the top five most common primary lesions of hepatic metastases were breast , lung and bronchu , sigmoid colon , cecum and pancreas , while in males were lung and bronchu , sigmoid colon , pancreas , rectum and cecum . .
TABLE 1. The frequency distribution of primary lesions of metastatic liver cancer.
FIGURE 2. Frequency Distribution of primary tumour sources of hepatic metastatic carcinoma.
FIGURE 3. The purpose of primary tumour sources of liver metastatic carcinoma in both sexes.
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What Questions Should I Ask My Healthcare Provider
Develop an open and cooperative relationship with your healthcare provider. Take a list of questions with you so you remember to get the answers you need to live your best life. These questions might include:
- What stage is the cancer? What does this mean for me?
- What are my treatment options? Which do you recommend and why?
- What side effects might I develop as a result of treatment?
- Is genetic testing right for me?
- Am I able to be a part of a clinical trial?
- Will I be able to keep working and doing the things that I need or want to do every day?
- Are there situations in which I need to call you immediately or get emergency care?
- Can you tell me where to find financial support?
- Can you tell me where to find emotional support?
- What should I do to stay as healthy as I can?
Make sure to follow the plan that you and your provider agree on. Keep to the schedule of follow-up appointments and testing.
Pancreatic And Liver Cancer Life Expectancy
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What Is Pancreatic Cancer
Pancreatic cancer occurs when cells in the pancreas grow abnormally out of control.
Pancreatic adenocarcinoma is the most common type of pancreatic cancer, accounting for about 95% of cancers of the pancreas. Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors , or islet cell tumors, are less common but usually have a better prognosis.
What Are Symptoms of Pancreatic Cancer?
Symptoms of pancreatic cancer include:
- Yellowing of the skin and eyes
- Dark urine
- In the leg: deep vein thrombosis symptoms can include pain, swelling, redness, and warmth in the affected leg
- In the lung: pulmonary embolism symptoms can include difficulty breathing or chest pain
Besides Chemotherapy Swayze Took An Experimental Drug Called Vatalanib What Does That Drug Do
Vatalanib inhibits tyrosine kinases, which are enzymes needed for cell growth, cell proliferation, and cell differentiation.
“What inhibition of this does is you’re stunting the growth of the tumor,” Singh says. “You’re preventing it from getting more aggressive, with the hope that it ultimately dies and goes away.”
He points out that vatalanib is still being tested and isn’t available yet.
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The Relative Hazard Ratio Of Treatment And Age At Diagnosis
As the multivariable hazard ratio of in prognosis displayed in Figure 6, with the increase of the age of diagnosis, treatment showed significantly protective effect, while grade had a significant effect on prognosis only in younger age. And other prognostic factors had almost no significant change. . Thus, we further analyzed the relative hazard ratio of diverse treatment options and age of diagnosis in patients, we found that when patients were diagnosed at a younger age, chemotherapy alone was the most adverse risk factor, while when diagnosed at an older age, age at diagnosis was the most adverse risk factor for the outcome. Whats more, for patients diagnosed at all ages, chemotherapy alone was the treatment with the worst effect on prognosis, while for patients diagnosed at age more than 69 years old, surgery was better than combined with chemotherapy. .
FIGURE 6. Relative hazard ratio of multivariables in patients with pancreatic cancer metastasis to liver.
Survival Analysis And Comparison Of Different Operation Procedures In Resectable Or Borderline Resectable Pc Patients With Hepatic Metastasis Only
Survival analysis was performed on 52 resectable or borderline resectable PC patients with hepatic metastasis only. The overall 1-, 3-, and 5-year survival rates of the 52 patients were 12.8%, 6.4%, and 0%, respectively, and the mOS was 5.2 months . The overall 1-, 3-, and 5-year survival rates of patients undergoing radical resection were 22.2%, 11.1%, and 0%, respectively, and the mOS was 4.4 months . The overall 1-, 3-, and 5-year survival rates of patients who did palliative bypass operation were 9.1%, 0%, and 0%, respectively, and the mOS was 6.0 months . The overall 1-, 3-, and 5-year survival rates of patients who did not undergo surgical were 5.6%, 0%, and 0%, respectively, and the mOS was 5.0 months . There was no statistically significant difference between the different operative procedures .
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What Causes Pancreatic Cancer
Pancreatic cancer is believed to be caused by genetic changes , however, the exact cause for these mutations is unknown. Risk factors for developing pancreatic cancer include:
- This is one of the most common causes of pancreatic cancer
- About 25% of pancreatic cancers are thought to be caused by cigarettesmoking
- The risk of developing pancreatic cancer is about twice as high among smokers compared to those who have never smoked
